Katy Barrett and myself, after discussing the dearth of eighteenth century focused discussion in the HPS department here at Cambridge decided to put together a seminar series focused on two of our shared passions: the long eighteenth century and material culture. The result was “Things” which managed to secure funding as a Graduate Research Group from CRASSH (Centre for Research in the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities). There have been several great sessions already this term and the latest, on the Telescope, was given by two of the project team. This seminar saw us move away from discussions of museology, display and broken-things, themes that dominated the past two sessions; instead both the talks and discussion this week were more concerned with the historical importance of telescopes in the long-eighteenth century.

Dr Alexi Baker, despite a terrible cold, gave an insightful and inspiring talk on the variety of uses and symbolic roles the telescope held for a cross-section of European Society in the eighteenth century. From teaching, navigating and surveying to display and spectacle, Alexi’s talk gave great insight into the quite unexpected level of penetration the telescope had in European society in that period. With stunning pictures of instrument manufacturers’ trade cards, Alexi used the range of items for sale and of interested cliental in optical items to demonstrate the popularity and importance of the pastime and research as well as make insightful comments on the ubiquity of the telescope as a non-specialised item. Alexi was also keen to highlight that, despite many preconceived ideas, the telescope demonstrates that there is no need to divorce utility from aesthetics in eighteenth century ‘things’.

Dr Richard Dunn followed with a talk that contrasted Alexi’s perspectives effectively. Looking at the iconography, utility and technological development of the telescope and other optical devices, Richard gave insight into the eighteenth century concept of useful and moral knowledge and reminded us that in order to increase our historical understanding of the objects discussed by Alexi we must consider their contemporary interpretation and uses. One particularly interesting question was raised; to what extent did the increasing power of telescopes in the long eighteenth century factor in their consumption by society? Richard’s discussion of the iconography showed that the increasing enhancement of telescopic sight was certainly reflected in popular depictions of telescopes and would have therefore most likely factored in their consumption by gentlemen and men of science alike. Richard also simplified a lot of his specialised technical knowledge in order to highlight that an understanding of the technology behind telescopes is fundamental to our ability as historians to unpick the iconography and social importance of them and other lens-instruments in the long eighteenth century.

The discussion session was not dominated by any particular aspect of the talks, such was the diversity of the audience and their perspectives, but worked instead as an extension of the two talks. There was though some focus on the idea of morality and polite knowledge as contrasting with the production of scientific truth in the period. The concept of reading error and accuracy also entered into the debate with a reference to John Herschel’s warning to his fellow men of science that they should expect “masterpieces not miracles” form the instrument-makers workshop.

Hopefully you’ll enjoy listening for yourself: http://sms.cam.ac.uk/media/1186872;jsessionid=D6524C94C9239F46B6FCD869DD4501B3

The keen-eyed among you will have noticed that our project logo is a slightly manipulated detail from a print by William Hogarth.

Hogarth’s print was the final image in his series, The Rake’s Progress. Completed as a group of eight paintings in 1734, the first printed versions appeared the following year. The Rake’s Progress tells the story of the rise and fall of Tom Rakewell. In the final scene, Tom has been sent to Bethlehem Royal Hospital (Bedlam). For the purposes of our project, what is interesting is that his fellow inmates include a man drawing a scheme to solve the longitude problem on the back wall. By the 1730s, it seems, the many people attempting to solve the problem were being satirised as deluded fools. Here’s a version of the 1735 edition:

Our project logo is taken from a later version, however, made towards the end of Hogarth’s life. In this version, a coin, dated 1763, has been added to the back wall. It seems that Hogarth was inviting a damning comparison between the madhouse and the state of Britain in the 1760s. It’s a nice touch for our project since it adds the important element of finance into the mix, alongside scientific, political and military interests. Thanks to the wonders of digital manipulation, it also allows us to highlight 2014 – the focal year of the research project, when we’ll celebrate the 300th anniversary of the first Longitude Act with a range of events and activities. We’ll keep you posted on that.