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Threats to the Crown

Elizabeth's England banner Seek peace but prepare for war.
William Cecil (1520–98)

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Mary, Queen of Scots
With the religious settlement of 1559, Elizabeth became defined at home and abroad as a Protestant ruler. For the first decade of her reign, Elizabeth did not experience any considerable problems at home from dissenting Catholics. The arrival of Mary, Queen of Scots, on English soil in 1568, however, changed everything. Click on the headline to read more...
The Armada of 1588
England, the upstart Protestant nation with its 'heretic' Queen, had been a thorn in King Philip II of Spain's side for some time before he finally decided to act in the 1580s. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots in 1587 brought matters to a head, and at the Pope's urging Philip stepped up his preparations for an invasion of England. Click on the headline to read more...
Rallying the troops
Elizabeth had no intention of letting England be taken over by the mighty Spanish Armada. Her challenge was to inspire the nation, especially those on the front line, to believe that they could win against seemingly overwhelming odds. Her address to the troops at Tilbury is considered one of the finest motivational speeches in history. Click on the headline to read more...
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