Early compasses used an iron needle magnetised by a piece of lodestone, or magnetite, a naturally occurring magnetic ore. In Western Europe the first reference dates from the late-12th century, but in China the direction-finding properties of lodestone were known at least 1000 years earlier.

In the West magnetic needles were used mainly as an aid to navigation. On display there are several examples of how non-European cultures used them in ways other than navigation. The Chinese geomancer's compasses were used to orientate buildings, temples and graves in the correct direction to bring good fortune. Astrologers, too, use the compass as a tool by which to predict and advise. In Islamic cultures a qibla indicator used a magnetic needle to find the direction of Mecca. Compasses also had ornamental appeal and miniature ones were used as decorations and charms.

These cultures show that the compass was, and is, not simply an instrument of navigation and surveying but also of personal and spiritual guidance.

Geomancer's compasses, c.1850
The geomancer in the 19th century was an expert in the art of divination, searching for the vital energies believed to be found in nature. The magnetic compass was one of the tools of the geomancer. The many scales around the dial give information about the stars and planets as well as divination.

Through the traditional art of feng shui the geomancer was employed in a variety of ways to maximise people's good fortune. The siting of a city, house, or a grave could be chosen by understanding the natural harmony of a particular place. The practice of geomancy is still considered important in Chinese society.

Astrological compasses, c.1850
As well as an instrument of prediction the astrological compass could also used as a navigation aid. Early Chinese mariners preferred to use personal experience and local knowledge of the seas but compasses were used on long voyages or in bad weather. The inner rings are marked for use at sea.

These mid-19th century astrological compasses were used as an aid for prediction by the astrologer. Through the position of the heavens at the time of birth the astrologer sought to predict the future. Knowing what the future might hold, could perhaps enable the individual to lead a more positive or fruitful life.

Japanese ornamental compasses, c.1850
These 19th century compasses are ornamental. Made of brass and mother-of-pearl, they were probably charms for watch-chains. Since they were not intended to be practical instruments the compass cards are only divided into four or eight basic compass points.
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